For programmers who are learning the SAS/IML language, it is sometimes confusing that there are two kinds of multiplication operators, whereas in the SAS DATA step there is only scalar multiplication. This article describes the multiplication operators in the SAS/IML language and how to use them to perform common tasks such as the elementwise product, the dot product, and the outer product of vectors.
Elementwise multiplication (#)
The elementwise multiplication operator (#) is used to perform element-by-element scalar multiplication. This operator is not part of the DATA step syntax. If you have two matrices of the same dimension, then u#v is the matrix whose ith element is the product of the ith elements of u and v. (This product is also known as the Hadamard product.) This is shown in the following PROC IML example:
proc iml;
u = { 1, 2, 3}; /* 3x1 column vector */
v = {-1, 0, 2}; /* 3x1 column vector */
elemProd = u#v; /* elementwise product (Hadamard product) */
print elemProd;
The elementwise multiplication operator can also be used in some situations in which u is a vector that has the same row or column dimension as v. See my article on how the SAS/IML language "knows what you want."
True matrix multiplication (*)
The matrix multiplication operator (*) performs true matrix multiplication. Whereas the * operator is used for scalar multiplication in the DATA step, the operator is used for matrix multiplication in PROC IML. If u and v are any two matrices where the number of rows of u matches the number of columns of v, then the matrix product u*v is defined.
When u and v are vectors, matrix multiplication gets a special name. When a row vector is multiplied with a column vector, the result is a scalar and the operation is called the dot product (or inner product or scalar product). The following example uses the transpose operator (`) to create a row vector:
dotProd = u`*v; /* dot product (scalar product, inner product) */ print dotProd;
There is an interesting connection between the elementwise product and the dot product of two vectors. The dot product of u and v is the same as the sum of the elements of the elementwise product: u`*v = sum(u#v).
Matrix multiplication is not commutative, so you get a different result if you multiply a column vector with a row vector. The result is a rank-1 matrix. This is called the outer product of two vectors. An example follows:
outerProd = u*v`; /* outer product: column vec times row vec */ print outerProd;
Other matrix products
The SAS/IML language supports other kinds of multiplication, including the direct product (or Kronecker product) and the horizontal direct product of matrices:
dirProd = u`@v; /* direct product */ hdirProd = hdir(u`,v); /* horizontal direct product */
There are many special-purpose products that are not covered in this short article, but remember that you can always define your own SAS/IML function that compute any conceivable product. For example, in physics classes students use the "cross product" (also called the skew-symmetric product) to compute quantities that arise in electromagnetism. The following SAS/IML function implements the cross product computation:
/* cross product (3D vectors only) */
start CrossProd(u, v);
i231 = {2 3 1};
i312 = {3 1 2};
return( u[i231]#v[i312] - v[i231]#u[i312] );
finish;
uxv = CrossProd(u,v);Be aware that in statistics, the "cross product" often refers to the multiplication X`*X, where X is a data matrix. In this matrix product, the (i,j)th element of X`*X is the dot product of the ith and jth columns of X.
