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Rick WicklinDecember 8, 2025 0

What is a medoid?

In univariate data analysis, the median is often used as an alternative to the mean because the mean is sensitive to outliers in the data, whereas the median is a robust statistic. For higher-dimensional data, the mean and the centroid are both used to represent the "center" of a cloud

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Analytics | Learn SAS | Programming Tips

Rick WicklinNovember 10, 2025 0

Create a Halton sequence in SAS

A previous article shows how to convert a positive integer from base 10 to any other arbitrary base. For example, 15 (base 10) = 120 (base 3) because 15 = 1*32 + 2*31 + 0*30. Representing integers is probably familiar to many readers. But did you know that you can

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Analytics | Data Visualization

Rick WicklinOctober 27, 2025 0

Visualize an ordinal response regression model

Many data analysts are familiar with logistic regression, where the response variable, Y, has two observed values, often represented as Y=0 and Y=1. The case Y=0 encodes that an event did not happen. For example, a patient did not experience some disease or did not die. The opposite case (Y=1)

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Analytics | Data Visualization | Programming Tips

Rick WicklinOctober 20, 2025 3

Overlay multiple custom density curves on a histogram in SAS

A previous article discusses various ways to overlay a density curve on a histogram in SAS. SAS provides several procedures that handle this task for common univariate probability distributions such as normal, lognormal, and gamma. If you define and use a less common distribution, you can write a GTL template

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Analytics | Programming Tips

Rick WicklinOctober 6, 2025 0

The inverse power method for eigenvalues

The power method is a well-known iterative scheme to approximate the largest eigenvalue (in absolute value) of a symmetric matrix. It is useful in practice when you need only the largest eigenvalue and eigenvector of a large matrix. The method requires only matrix-vector multiplication and vector scaling. There is a

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Analytics | Programming Tips

Rick WicklinSeptember 29, 2025 1

Visualize Rayleigh quotients and eigenvectors

When I encounter a new function, I usually graph it to gain intuition about how the function transforms its inputs. Recently, I needed to use the Rayleigh quotient function, which is connected to the estimation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors for symmetric matrices. It has been several years since I last

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Analytics | Programming Tips

Rick WicklinSeptember 22, 2025 2

Birthdays and the coupon collector's problem

The new school year had barely started when I got a call from a friend who is an elementary school principal. She told me that every morning she announces the names of students who are celebrating a birthday. "One student noticed that we've already had two days on which no

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Analytics | Programming Tips

Rick WicklinSeptember 15, 2025 0

Stirling numbers in SAS

In probability and statistics, special numbers are used to compute probabilities by counting the number of ways certain events can occur. The most famous are combinations and permutations. Both are used to count the ways to arrange or select items from a set. If a set contains n elements: A

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Analytics | Learn SAS | Programming Tips

Rick WicklinAugust 25, 2025 5

Implement the generalized extreme value distribution in SAS

SAS supports more than 25 common probability distributions for the PDF, CDF, QUANTILE, and RAND functions. If you need a less-common distribution, you can implement new distributions by using Base SAS (specifically, PROC FCMP) or the SAS/IML language. On the SAS Support Communities, a SAS programmer asked how to implement

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Analytics | Learn SAS | Programming Tips

Rick WicklinAugust 18, 2025 0

Confidence intervals for Cohen's d statistic in SAS

A previous article discusses Cohen's d statistic and how to compute it in SAS. For a two-sample independent design, Cohen's d estimates the standardized mean difference (SMD). Because Cohen's d is a biased statistic, the previous article also computes Hedges' g, which is an unbiased estimate of the SMD. Lastly,

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