Thanks for the overview of how the DATA step behaves. One clarification. the DATA step will display a WARNING when the number of NOTES exceeds a predetermined number. If the DATA step encounters many divisions by zero (20, by default), you will see many notes that look like
NOTE: Division by zero detected at line ...
and then you will eventually see following warning:
WARNING: Limit set by ERRORS= option reached. Further errors of this type will not be printed.

You can see the value of the ERRORS= system option by using

proc options option=ERRORS value; run;

and you can change the value by using the OPTIONS statement.

It is also worth noting that your comments apply to the DATA step, not to all SAS languages and procedures. For example, in SAS/IML, dividing by zero results in a warning:
WARNING: Division by zero, result set to missing value.
In some SAS/STAT procedures that use the CMP subsystem (such as PROC NLMIXED), the procedure will abort execution and stop:
NOTE: Execution error for observation 1.
NOTE: The SAS System stopped processing this step because of errors.