Hi Rick, The reference for the Kuhfeld folklore approach is Kuhfeld (unpublished, PLOTIT SAS macro) or something like that. It is just a seat of the pants approach that I developed that seemed to work pretty well. This was during a period of the late 1980s or 1990s where procedure development was discouraged unless you were working on a high-priority project, so I wrote the PLOTIT macro for equated plots, vectors, and other things that seemed important for displaying graphs from psychometric procedures long before ODS Graphics.