[…] Ranks are easy to compute if there are no tied values in the data. You simply sort the data values and assign the ordinal position of the sorted data as the rank. For example, in the data {18, 13, 19, 16}, the corresponding ranks are {3, 1, 4, 2} because 13 is the first (sorted) value, 16 is the second (sorted) value, and so forth. For a sample of size n, the ranks are integers in the range [1,n]. …